Aslak Hellesoy's uncommon sense - Oh no, we're testing the Mock!

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Oh no, we're testing the Mock!

[ Aslak Hellesoy ] 18:34, Monday, 12 January 2004

Recently I have been working on a team where a misunderstood mocking practice is common. (It's really an antipattern). Before I delve into the details, let me recap some simple mock essentials.

A mock is an object that acts as a "dummy" placeholder for a "real" object. Its class is generally an implementation of an interface or a subclass of some class, either generated dynamically or statically coded.

For a detailed explanation of what Mocks are and what they are intended to do, see MockObjects and JMock.

Right, the problem with the codebase developed by this team I'm referring to is that many of the "mocks" replace the wrong classes. The result of this is overly complicated tests, in addition to a false perception of what is being tested. Many of the "mocks" in this codebase are not really proper mocks, apart from having the word "Mock" in their name.

So where and how are these misunderstood "mocks" used? They are being used as substitutes for the classes that are supposed to be tested(!) In short, the unit tests are testing the "mocks".

The system consists of WebWork Actions that talk to Hibernate via DAOs (Data Access Objects). -A fairly common combination of technologies and patterns.

Most actions are following this kind of style:

public class CheeseAction extends ActionSupport {
     private String cheese;
     public void setCheese(String cheese) { this.cheese = cheese; }
     public String getCheese() { return cheese; }
 
     public String execute() {
          try {
               // CheeseDao is a concrete class.
               saveCheese(new CheeseDao());
               return SUCCESS;
           } catch (Exception e) {
               return ERROR;
           }
      }
 
     protected void saveCheese(CheeseDao dao) {
          dao.saveCheese(cheese);
      }
}

The CheeseDao class is where the Hibernate stuff happens. Calling the CheeseDao.saveCheese method will hit the database.

Hitting the database when testing an Action is very time consuming. The team therefore decided to mock out the hibernate DAOs in the tests.

The tests that test the actions follow this pattern:

public class CheeseActionTest extends TestCase {
 
     public void testAddCheese() {
          // Yikes, we're testing the "mock"
          MockCheeseAction action = new MockCheeseAction();
          action.setCheese("stilton");
          assertEquals(ActionSupport.SUCCESS, action.execute());
          assertEquals("stilton", action.getSavedCheese());
      }
 
     public class MockCheeseAction extends CheeseAction {
          private String savedCheese;
  
          protected void saveCheese(CheeseDao dao) {
               CheeseDao mockDao = new CheeseDao() {
                    public void saveCheese(String cheese) {
                         savedCheese = cheese;
                     }
                };
               super.saveCheese(mockDao);
           }
  
          public String getSavedCheese() {
               return savedCheese;
           }
      }
}

(The development team's primary motivation for using mocks seems to have been to reduce the test execution time. While this is a noble goal, it is not the only good reason to use mocks. Another good reason to use them - and TDD in general - is to let good designs emerge more easily. Codebases developed with TDD and Mocks generally become a lot more decoupled than others).

It must have been when someone was thinking about how to have the actions use a different DAO (a mock DAO) that this mocking antipattern was invented.

(If my assumption about how this "mocking" technique was conceived is correct, it is also likely that the tests were written after the actions themselves. At least at the time of the invention of the antipattern. If the test had been written before the action, the likelyhood of having the action so tightly coupled with the Hibernate DAO would have been reduced).

There is something fundamentally wrong about the "mocking" approach used in the test above:

1) The test is not testing the *real* action, but a subclass that only exists in the test codebase. The team's established practice is to extend the action and override methods that use objects that we want to mock out. Then, a mock object is created for the DAO (this is actually more like a proper mock), and the superclass' method is called with that object instead.

In this trivial example it may not look so bad. After all, the overridden saveCheese method in the "mock" calls the superclass' method, right?

But in the real codebase the tests and overridden actions are often so complicated (with many overridings) that this easily gets out of control. Specifically, if the superclass is refactored, there is no guarantee that the test is still valid. The derived "mock" implementation within the test may not be overriding anything in the superclass anymore, and the test may fail to execute the methods originally intended.

2) The Action class is not tested through its public interface, which is how it will be accessed when assembled in the application.

3) The test becomes overly complicated because both the class under test AND its dependencies have to be "mocked".

4) The expectations that are supposed to verify that the action invokes the dao's methods are clunky, as they require additional fields and getters on the subclass "mock".

Mocks are substitutes for real classes. It is quite common to misunderstand what classes they are supposed to be substituted with mocks. Mocks are supposed to replace the objects that the class under test depends on. You should never substitute the class you intend to test with a Mock. If you do, you're not testing the real thing.

Here is what the code should have looked like: (Also note the new name of the test method. I'll cover that in a new blog entry about "Unit Test Intents").

public class CheeseAction extends ActionSupport {
     private final CheeseDao dao;
     private String cheese;
     public void setCheese(String cheese) { this.cheese = cheese; }
     public String getCheese() { return cheese; }
     
     // Yes, you can do this. See http://wiki.opensymphony.com/space/PicoContainer+Integration
     public CheeseAction(CheeseDao dao) {
          this.dao = dao;
      }
 
     public String execute() {
          try {
               dao.saveCheese(cheese);
               return SUCCESS;
           } catch(Exception e) {
               return ERROR;
           }
      }
}

And the test (which should ideally be written before the action):

public class CheeseActionTest extends TestCase {
 
     public void testExecuteCallsSaveCheeseOnDaoAndSucceedsWhenNoDaoException() {
          Mock mockDao = new Mock(CheeseDao.class);
          mockDao.expect("saveCheese", C.eq("stilton"));
  
          CheeseAction action = new CheeseAction((CheeseDao)mockDao.proxy());
          action.setCheese("stilton");
  
          assertEquals(ActionSupport.SUCCESS, action.execute());
          mockDao.verify();
      }
}

There are several benefits doing Mocking like this (the proper way):

1) The tests get a lot shorter.

2) It's more readable.

3) We're testing the right thing.

4) TDD buys us nice decoupled designs for free. This action is now a PicoComponent, honouring constructor based dependency injection.

However, in order to be able to do things properly like this, the dependencies to be mocked out (in this case, the CheeseDao) should ideally be interfaces. This can incur some percieved overhead in the codebase, as the developer will now have to maintain both a CheeseDao and a HibernateCheeseDao. But it's better than having to maintain a CheeseAction and a MockCheeseAction.

Recent additions to MockObjects (and soon JMock?) allow dynamic mocking of concrete classes too, using CGLib.

And last, but not least. If you write your tests first, using mocks, you will end up with well-designed, nicely decoupled code. Post-testing and post-mocking is actually quite evil. It tends to open up and cripple the classes even more than they were before.

Comments

I agree in general with what you write here, but I ran into a spot where your anti-pattern seemed to be the most straightforward approach to take. I was test driving a new piece of code that was dependent on ancient code (that I don't "own") that was not developed in a test-driven, loosely coupled way. The ancient code was a DAO of a sort, and it was a concrete class and not an interface. And, what I was developing was a servlet.

The way this particular class that I had to use was written, there was really no way to do IoC. So, I broke out the database-related actions (only a couple of lines worth) into separate methods that I overrode in a test subclass and then tested the subclass.

Is it icky? Sure, and I certainly wouldn't have done the data access the way it was implemented way back when. But, in the case of the code that I was writing, I was successfully testing the functionality provided by my servlet.

I like what you've done in your example. Inversion of control is definitely a lot cleaner and nicer than a subclass inside your test class.

Kevin

--Kevin Dangoor, January 12, 2004 10:12 PM

There are some good follow ups on TSS too. I especially like Michael Mahemoff's quote about Mocks:

"The focus of mocks seems to be what goes into them rather than what comes out."

http://www.theserverside.com/home/thread.jsp?thread_id=23250#106590

--Aslak Hellesoy, January 13, 2004 12:50 AM

It seems we both had a similar rant independantly at the same time. Here's what I wrote just two days before your blog:

http://www.wrytradesman.com/blog/archives/00000009.html

--Marty Andrews, January 14, 2004 10:35 PM

Nat Pryce also has a good one-liner:

"They [Mocks] are used to make assertions over the OUTGOING calls of your objects, and thereby drive the design of the interactions between objects."

http://www.wrytradesman.com/blog/archives/00000009.html

--Aslak Hellesoy, January 15, 2004 09:46 PM

I disagree with your conclusion. In your "improvement" you have introduced dependency injection, and then concluded that template method mock objects are bad design. I disagree, I think the problem is that the original MockObject test was poorly written. Instead, consider this example with your Mock Object dependency, but using template methods to integrate it rather than dependency injection.

public void testAddCheese() {
final Mock mockDao = new Mock(CheeseDao.class);
mockDao.expect("saveCheese", C.eq("stilton"));

CheeseAction action = new CheeseAction() {
protected void saveCheese(CheeseDao dao) {
super.saveCheese((CheeseDao)mockDao.proxy());
}
};

action.setCheese("stilton");

assertEquals(ActionSupport.SUCCESS, action.execute());
mockDao.verify();
}

This to me, is just as clean an implementation as yours, and it removes the dependency injection. Which becomes very ugly unless you use a container to take care of the dependencies for you. (Which isn't trivial in every environment, trust me)

Lastly, the reason that this was confusing at all, was because your class shouldn't have created a CheeseDao in line like it did. Consider this instead:

public String execute() {
try {
CheeseDao dao = getCheeseDao();
// CheeseDao is a concrete class.
saveCheese(dao);
return SUCCESS;
} catch (Exception e) {
return ERROR;
}
}

private void saveCheese(CheeseDao dao) {
dao.saveCheese(cheese);
}

protected CheeseDao getCheeseDao()
{
return new CheeseDao();
}

Now the test case looks even cleaner, and removes the problems with additional logic needs in your subclass, forcing the super.() call
public void testAddCheese() {
final Mock mockDao = new Mock(CheeseDao.class);
mockDao.expect("saveCheese", C.eq("stilton"));

CheeseAction action = new CheeseAction() {
protected CheeseDao getCheeseDao() {
return ((CheeseDao)mockDao.proxy());
}
};
action.setCheese("stilton");

assertEquals(ActionSupport.SUCCESS, action.execute());
mockDao.verify();
}

--Scott Carlson, January 16, 2004 03:03 PM

Scott,

Good comments.

In your examples you are still subclassing the class you're testing. In a controlled way, so it's not really that bad. However, your approach opens up the Action (by exposing the DAO via a protected method) for the sole purpose of testability. This is not a big crime, but it does break encapsulation. It also increases the complexity since you end up with a getter or setter that you also have to override/call in the test.

I'd also argue that the readability of the code in your approach is not quite as good as in the approach I suggest.

Which is why I prefer dependency injection. It keeps things clean and simple.

I'm curious to know more about these environments you mention that makes usage of a DI container such as PicoContainer or Spring difficult.

I would try to do something with the environment to make DI possible.

--Aslak Hellesoy, January 17, 2004 07:02 PM

I'm just too slow... I was working up a response similar to Scott's but he got there first.

Anwyay, Aslak and I discussed this point at a Geek Night and, of course, it's not the cleanest solution but often it's the one that gets you there, particularly when working around third-part code.

To get proper IOC, the Right Thing To Do would be to pass in a factory object which can then produce the mock, but this can be a chore in these languages we're forced to use. I view factory methods as a halfway house that might end up being moved to a proper factory object one day.

Steve

--Steve Freeman, January 18, 2004 11:30 AM

IBM has a full article on the factory method technique: http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-mocktest.html, which pretty much echoes what Scott wrote. One subtle difference is that they name it createCheeseDAO instead of getCheeseDAO, which I prefer since it's more indicitive of being a factory method.

And using a Dependency Injection framework is fine, but not in every situation (as Martin Fowler pointed out in the article that coined the term). If you're doing things the old fashioned way, a factory method or factory object is the most straightforward way to go.

--Rex Madden, January 19, 2004 02:24 AM

I called your anti-pattern a "partial mock" at http://www.lastcraft.com/partial_mocks_documentation.php in a piece which looks likely to be quickly out of date. It's not Java and frankly I don't understand Spring, having not yet gone down that road. So my conclusion was the same as Steve's: a pragmatic idiom to be treated with care.

--Marcus Baker, February 27, 2004 02:57 AM

I liked everything you wrote, but I have one question: why don't you use Self-Shunt here? The only thing you should do is to define the saveCheese() method in CheeseActionTest class and then call the CheeseAction() constructor with 'this' as parameter.
Then you can easily test everything what you want right in CheeseActionTest and it looks much better, isn't it?
In my opinion we don't have to use mocks here at all.

public class CheeseAction extends ActionSupport {
private final CheeseDao dao;
private String cheese;
public void setCheese(String cheese) { this.cheese = cheese; }
public String getCheese() { return cheese; }

// Yes, you can do this. See http://wiki.opensymphony.com/space/PicoContainer+Integration
public CheeseAction(CheeseDao dao) {
this.dao = dao;
}

public String execute() {
try {
dao.saveCheese(cheese);
return SUCCESS;
} catch(Exception e) {
return ERROR;
}
}
}

public class CheeseActionTest extends TestCase implements ICheeseDao {

private boolean signOK = false;

public void testExecuteCallsSaveCheeseOnDaoAndSucceedsWhenNoDaoException() {
CheeseAction action = new CheeseAction( this );
action.setCheese( "stilton" );

assertEquals(ActionSupport.SUCCESS, action.execute());
assertEquals( true, signOK );
}

public void saveCheese( String cheese ) {
if ( cheese.equals( "stilton" ) ) {
signOK = true;
}
}
}

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